含纤维素废水生物水解的应用研究

提取植物或动物纤维所产生的高浓有机废水，含短小纤维、木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、蜡质、果胶及其分解产物(糖、脂肪酸、醇等)，较难生物处理，属含纤维素废水。试验研究和生产应用表明，生物水解对含纤维素废水中高分子有机物，可予分解并提高度水可生化性：在常温、PH约9．5时，水解池污泥浓度达6．5～16．0g/L，容积负荷达2．9kgCOD／m^3．d，COD去除率为24—36％，VFA提高3．9—5．1倍，BOD／COD提高12～16％。分析认为：中温、酸性，纤维素、木素含量低时，水解效果应更好。     

冀西北黄土丘陵沟壑区梯田地埂植物篱的固埂作用与效益分析

经对张家口地区梯田地埂植物篱的研究表明 ,其固埂作用非常显著 ,且能够改善土壤的理化性状及水分状况 ,有效地拦蓄地表径流及泥沙 ,提高作物产量 ,具有明显的经济效益 ,在当地具有很广泛的推广应用价值     

中国发展生物质能源的战略措施思考

能源连人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要资源。随着中国经济的持续发展，能源与环境对经济发展的制约作用逐渐得到显现．能源问题与环境问题已经成为国家发展的战略性问题。因此发展生物质能是解决中国能源紧张的重要突破口。发展生物质能的战略措施是建立生物质能源的产业体系。即相对于传统产业体系的第二产业体系。具体战略阶段是：2000—2010年实验探讨阶段（初级阶段）；2020—2030年推广应用阶段（发展阶段）：2030年一2050年优化提出阶段（提高阶段）。生物质能源的发展战略有助于“三农”问题的解决即农村小康社舍的建设；有助于减轻环境压力；有助于维护国家能源安全。     

Reducing the risk of invasive forest pests and pathogens: Combining legislation,targeted management and public awareness

Intensifying global trade will result in increased numbers of plant pest and pathogen species inadvertently being transported along with cargo. This paper examines current mechanisms for prevention and management of potential introductions of forest insect pests and pathogens in the European Union (EU). Current European legislation has not been found sufficient in preventing invasion, establishment and spread of pest and pathogen species within the EU. Costs associated with future invasions are difficult to estimate but past invasions have led to negative economic impacts in the invaded country. The challenge is combining free trade and free movement of products (within the EU) with protection against invasive pests and pathogens. Public awareness may mobilise the public for prevention and detection of potential invasions and, simultaneously, increase support for eradication and control measures. We recommend focus on commodities in addition to pathways, an approach within the EU using a centralised response unit and, critically, to engage the general public in the battle against establishment and spread of these harmful pests and pathogens.     

内蒙古包头放射性废物库安全运行25年

文章简要论述了内蒙古包头放射性废物库现状、扩建工程及环境整治工程概况,通过对库区、库外辐射环境质量监测,放射性处于一般环境水平,废物库运行20多年来,未对周围环境造成污染,通过整治工程的建设,达到了预期治理要求,废物库运行是安全的。     

Short-run allocation of emissions allowances and long-term goals for climate policy

We use economic analysis to evaluate grandfathering, auctioning, and benchmarking approaches for allocation of emissions allowances and then discuss practical experience from European and American schemes. In principle, auctions are superior from the viewpoints of efficiency, fairness, transparency, and simplicity. In practice, auctions have been opposed by important sectors of industry, which argue that carbon pricing without compensation would harm international competitiveness. In the European Union's Emissions Trading System, this concern led to grandfathering that is updated at various intervals. Unfortunately, updating gives industry an incentive to change behavior to influence future allocation. Furthermore, the wealth transferred to incumbent firms can be significantly larger than the extra costs incurred, leading to windfall profits. Meanwhile, potential auction revenues are not available to reduce other taxes. By circumscribing free allocation, benchmarking can target competitiveness concerns, incur less wealth transfer, and provide a strategy consistent with transitioning to auctions in the long run.     

Investigating biodiversity trajectories using scenarios – Lessons from two contrasting agricultural landscapes

Agriculture is the major land use at a global scale. In addition to food production, multifunctionality of landscapes, including values and ecosystem services like biodiversity, recreation and culture, is now focus for management. This study explores how a scenario approach, involving different stakeholders, may help to improve landscape management for biodiversity conservation. Local farmers and executives at the County Administrative Board were invited to discuss rural development and conditions for farmland biodiversity in two Swedish landscapes. The potential biodiversity for three future land use scenarios for the two landscapes was discussed: nature conservation, outdoor recreation and energy production, and compared with current and historical landscapes in each region.Analyses of habitat areas, connectedness and landscape diversity suggested that the energy and recreation scenarios had a negative impact on farmland biodiversity, whereas the nature conservation scenario, the current and historically reconstructed landscapes had a higher potential for biodiversity. The farmers appreciated the nature conservation scenario, but also the energy production scenario and they highlighted the need of increased subsidies for management of biodiversity. The farmers in the high production area were less interested in nature quality per se. The executives had similar opinions as the farmers, but disagreed on the advantages with energy production, as this would be in conflict with the high biodiversity and recreational values. The local physical and socio-economical conditions differ between landscapes and potentially shaped the stakeholders emotional attachment to the local environment, their opinions and decisions on how to manage the land. We stress the importance of incorporating local knowledge, visions and regional prerequisites for different land uses in conservation, since site and landscape specific planning for biodiversity together with a flexible subsidy system are necessary to reach the conservation goals within EU.     

发挥环保监督网络作用 搞好“一控双达标”

介绍了新余发电有限责任公司建立环保监督网络和开展环保技术监督，做好“一控双达标”工作的具体做法。     

Chlorinated and brominated organic contaminants in fish from Shanghai markets: a case study of human exposure

In the present study were two favorite edible fish species for local residents, i.e., mandarin fish and crawfish, collected from the Shanghai market and analyzed for selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-PBDEs). Efforts were also made to identify the potential sources of these contaminants. Comparable concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and HBCDD were found in muscle tissue of mandarin fish from Guangdong (GDF), the Pearl River Delta and from Taihu Lake (TLF), the Yangtze River Delta. Levels of chlordanes, PCBs and PBDEs were about one magnitude lower in TLF compared to GDF. The concentrations of OCPs in the butter-like gland of the crawfish (CFB) were 2-5 times of those in the crawfish muscle (CFM) while concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs and MeO-PBDEs were comparable. The different patterns and levels of chlorinated and brominated organohalogen contaminants seen in mandarin fish from GDF and TLF indicates that different types of chemicals might be used in the two delta regions. The present study also shows a good correlation between the concentrations of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachloroanisol (PCA) in fish for the first time. Fish consumption limits based on chemical contaminants with non-carcinogenic effects were calculated. The estimated maximum daily consumption limit for GDF, TLF, CFM and CFB were 1.5, 2.6, 3.7 and 0.08 kg, respectively, indicating no significant risk regarding the persistent organic pollutants measured in the present study.